Training Teams to be more effective

Team-based learning is a continuous process through which teams acquire and utilize new information (Russ-Eft, Preskill & Sleezer, 1997) to improve team performance and outcomes. One of the advantages of teamwork training is that it improves teamwork competencies such as cooperation, communication, conflict management, and work planning (Rousseau, Aube, & Savoie, 2006). In determining the best e-learning principles for teams, it is important to differentiate between task work and team work processes (Marks et al., 2001) Task work represents the nature of the work whereas team work describes how the team is doing the work with each other (Marks et al., 2001) For teams to function effectively, it is important that teams learn how to do the work as a team. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of training interventions on team performance and found that teamwork training, or the ability to function well as a team, was effective at enhancing both teamwork and team performance across a variety of settings (McEwan et al., 2017).

Value teamwork in E-learning training initiatives

Research on management education has found e-learning instruction that focuses on collaboration to be effective. One study examined team instruction that used computer-supported training. MBA students were surveyed to examine the importance of teamwork orientation and the development of group cohesiveness towards overall student learning (Williams, Duray & Reddy, 2006). The study found that both teamwork orientation and group cohesiveness predicted student learning and team learning. The results confirmed that a focus on building teamwork skills is important and can be achieved through e-learning instruction. Previous research on teamwork skills also shows that training is effective. In a study that examined the efficacy of teaching guided team self-correction, the researchers found that teams could function more effectively together after acquiring this skill (Smith-Jentsch, Cannon-Bowers, Tannenbaum, & Salas, 2008). This skill focuses on teams correcting their work through external facilitation (Smith-Jentsch et al., 2008). On average team training explains 20% of variance in team performance, demonstrating that well-designed team training also works (Salas et al., 2008). The main issue for training designers is to consider how best to incorporate this emphasis on teamwork skills through technology-driven instruction (TDI).

Use training principles that work for team training

Organizations are now implementing technology-driven instruction in addition to or instead of traditional forms of training and research shows that both can work if the right principles are applied (Sitzmann, Kraiger, Stewart & Wisher, 2006). However, if suboptimal principals are used in either type of instruction, this can result in failure. A meta-analytic review found that web-based training results in greater learning than classroom training although the mean effect sizes were equal for the two training designs when instructional principles were identical (Sitzmann et al., 2006). This research demonstrates that it isn’t always the medium that is important (Clark, 1994). What matters is that effective learning principles are integrated into the instructional design and that the training has a clear purpose (Bedwell & Salas, 2010).

Ensure that content can be learned effectively through TDI

Practitioners have argued that one of the benefits of technology-driven instruction is that it is more cost-effective and easier to deliver. However, there is little research evidence to support this assumption (Kraiger, 2003). In fact, training costs across organizations stay constant even when training shifts from traditional to e-learning instruction (Patel, 2010). Although training costs are lower for e-learning because of reductions in staffing of instructors and travel costs, there is a financial investment in technology support and technology investment offsetting the costs of staffing. It seems reasonable that technology-based instruction should not be adopted merely because of reduced training costs and that this cost-saving should not be assumed.

Utilize training methods that work for teams

There are several strategies that can be used to train teams. In a meta-analytic review of the literature, Klein and colleagues examined the efficacy of all types of team training including cross-training and crew resource management (Klein et al., 2008). The researchers found that team training had a moderate and positive effect on team functioning. In addition, both training strategies – an emphasis on teamwork or task work– resulted in team effectiveness (Klein et al., 2008). Eduardo Salas and colleagues also did a review of team training and found that team performance improved through cross-training, team coordination and adaptation training and guided team self-correction training (Salas et al., 2007). As Salas and colleagues point out: “team training works and can be a viable approach to enhance team outcomes” (Salas et al., 2007). The challenge is to test these same principles and include the emphasis on teamwork within an e-learning setting. However, the meta-analysis by Sitzmann and colleagues (2006) suggests that the same kinds of training strategies can also work online as well as in traditional settings.

In conclusion, this dossier provides HRD professionals with guidelines on how best to train teams using e-learning instruction. The main objective of the paper is to show that most of the principles utilized in traditional training still apply to technology-driven instruction. HR professionals are encouraged to reflect on whether TDI is appropriate for team learning and whether the knowledge and skills required can be best taught via TDI.

Key Take-Aways

• Ensure that teams learn how to do the work as a team
• Teamwork training is positively related to team performance
• E-learning instruction that focuses on collaboration is effective
• Ensure a focus on building teamwork skills through e-learning
• Ensure a focus on guided team self-correction in e-learning
• There is little difference in Web-based training vs. traditional training when principles are identical
• Effective learning principles must be integrated into the instructional design
• Technology-driven instruction can work if the principles are effective

References

Bedwell, W. L., & Salas. E. (2010). Computer-based training: Capitalizing on lessons learned. International Journal of Training and Development, 14, 239–249.

Clark, R. E. (1994). Media will never influence learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 42, 21–29.

 Klein C., Salas E., & DiazGranados, D., (2008). Do team training interventions enhance valued team outcomes? A meta‐analytic initiative. Paper Presented at the 23rd Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Francisco, CA, April 2008.

Kraiger, K. (2003). Perspectives on training and development. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology, Vol. 12, industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 171–192). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

McEwan, D., Ruissen, G. R., Eys, M. A., Zumbo, B. D., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2017). The Effectiveness of Teamwork Training on Teamwork Behaviors and Team Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Interventions. PLoS ONE, 12(1). Article retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5234826/

Marks, M.A., Mathieu, J.E., Zaccaro, S.J. (2001).  A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team processes. Academy of Management Review. 26, 3, 356–76.

Patel, L. (2010). ASTD State of the industry report 2010. Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training & Development.

Russ-Eft, D., Preskill, H., & Sleezer, C. (1997). Team learning and performance. In D. Russ-Eft, H. Preskill & C. Sleezer (Eds.), Human Resource Development. Research and Implications (pp. 133-146). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Rousseau, V., Aubé, C., & Savoie, A. (2006). Le fonctionnement interne des équipes de travail: conception et mesure. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 38, 120-135.

Salas E, Nichols,  D.R., Driskell, J.E. (2007). Testing three team training strategies in intact teams: A meta‐analysis. Small Group Research, 38:471–88.

Salas, E., DiazGranados, D., Klein, C., Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Goodwin, G. F., & Halpin, S. M. (2008). Does team training improve team performance? A meta-analysis. Human Factors, 50, 903–933.

Sitzmann, T., Kraiger, K., Stewart, D., & Wisher, R. (2006). The comparative effectiveness of Web-based and classroom instruction: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 59, 623–664.

Smith-Jentsch, K. A., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Tannenbaum, S. I., & Salas, E. (2008). Guided team self-correction: Impacts on team mental models, processes, and effectiveness. Journal of Small Group Research, 39, 303–327.

Williams, E. A., Duray, R., & Reddy, V. (2006). Teamwork Orientation, Group Cohesiveness, and Student Learning: A Study of the Use of Teams in Online Distance Education.Journal of Management Education, 30, 4, 592-616.